- Throughout the text, numbered markers indicate a reference.
- Numbered markers are written consecutively, starting at 1 and set in superscript.
- The corresponding bibliographic details are then placed in notes at the bottom of the page (footnotes).
- In-text note number are placed at the end of the sentence or after some other punctuation, such as a comma or parenthesis.
- After the first citation, a shortened form of the citation may be used in subsequent notes.
This is designed to reduce the bulk of the document. To create a shortened citation, use the surname of the author and the main title of the work, shortened if longer than four words. See 14.24.
- “Ibid.” may be used to refer to the source in the footnote immediately preceding. For example
6. Petrie, Greek History and Antiquities, 7.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., 11-12.
- Examples of how to format notes are shown in the sections to the right.
See chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style for more detailed examples.
