English level 6: Written essay
Topic: Plant biosecurity
Plant biosecurity is a global issue that has grown in importance with increasing international trade and travel. What are the main problems and possible solutions in relation to plant biosecurity?
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Biosecurity by
Biosecurity protocols aim to reduce or eliminate animal pests and plants that may harbour disease. In doing so, it may influence the levels of chemicals consumers are exposed to. Agricultural chemicals can impact human health in many ways. The use of agricultural chemicals is particularly crucial for countries acting as a competitive hub and prominent exporters of agricultural commodities. Bioterrorism and food crimes in global food systems exist. The investigation into biosecurity comprised one outcome and one policy: the rate of use of agricultural chemicals and whether a country has a bioterrorism strategy. This biosecurity metric measured the amount of pesticides used by each country. Environmental pluralism becomes a source of environmental uncertainty when looking at food safety measures. Such a premise does certainly apply to the use of agricultural chemicals. Biodiversity is a treasurable aim, which hangs in the balance when considering the environment and agricultural exploitation of resources.
Publication date: 2017
Biocontrol of Plant Diseases by Bacillus Subtilis by
Plant diseases are a serious threat to food production. This unique volume provides the fundamental knowledge and practical use of B.subtilis as a promising biocontrol agent. In order to replace chemical pesticides, one possibility is microbial pesticides using safe microbes. Bacillus subtilis is one of several candidates. Screening of the bacterium, the application of plant tests, clarification of its suppressive mechanism to plant pathogens and engineering aspects of suppressive peptides production are presented here. The author illustrates how B. subtilis is far more advantageous than, for example, Pseudomonas in biocontrol and can be considered as an useful candidate. Features: Bacterium B. subtilis suppresses many plant pathogens and is a biocontrol agent to replace chemical pesticides The book presents the bacterium's suppressive mechanism to plant pathogens, and engineering aspects of suppressive peptides production Biological control of plant disease plays an important role in sustainable agricultural production practices and is expected to replace agricultural chemicals
ISBN: 9780429643101Publication date: 2019-09-04
Biosecurity : the socio-politics of invasive species and infectious diseases by
Biosecurity is the assessment and management of potentially dangerous infectious diseases, quarantined pests, invasive (alien) species, living modified organisms, and biological weapons. It is a holistic concept of direct relevance to the sustainability of agriculture, food safety, and the protection of human populations (including bio-terrorism), the environment, and biodiversity. Biosecurity is a relatively new concept that has become increasingly prevalent in academic, policy and media circles, and needs a more comprehensive and inter-disciplinary approach to take into account mobility, globalisation and climate change. In this introductory volume, biosecurity is presented as a governance approach to a set of concerns that span the protection of indigenous biological organisms, agricultural systems and human health, from invasive pests and diseases. It describes the ways in which biosecurity is understood and theorized in different subject disciplines, including anthropology, political theory, ecology, geography and environmental management. It examines the different scientific and knowledge practices connected to biosecurity governance, including legal regimes, ecology, risk management and alternative knowledges. The geopolitics of biosecurity is considered in terms of health, biopolitics and trade governance at the global scale. Finally, biosecurity as an approach to actively secure the future is assessed in the context of future risk and uncertainties, such as globalization and climate change.
Publication date: 2013
Optimal Strategies for Interception, Detection, and Eradication in Plant Biosecurity by
The introduction of invasive species causes damages from the economic and ecological point of view. Interception of plant pests and eradication of the established populations are two management options to prevent or limit the risk posed by an invasive species. Management options generate costs related to the interception at the point of entry, and the detection and eradication of established field populations. Risk managers have to decide how to allocate resources between interception, field detection, containment, and eradication minimizing the expected total costs. In this work is considered an optimization problem aiming at determining the optimal allocation of resources to minimize the expected total costs of the introduction of Bemisia tabaci‐transmitted viruses in Europe. The optimization problem takes into account a probabilistic model for the estimation of the percentage of viruliferous insect populations arriving through the trade of commodities, and a population dynamics model describing the process of the vector populations' establishment and spread. The time of field detection of viruliferous insect populations is considered as a random variable. The solution of the optimization problem allows to determine the optimal allocation of the search effort between interception and detection/eradication. The behavior of the search effort as a function of efficacy or search in interception and in detection is then analyzed. The importance of the vector population growth rate and the probability of virus establishment are also considered in the analysis of the optimization problem.
Publication date: 2015
Farmers’ assessment of plant biosecurity risk management strategies and influencing factors: A study of smallholder farmers in Australia by
Plant biosecurity threats such as pest, weeds and disease occurrences cause substantial economic damage to the agricultural sector, worldwide and in Australia. How smallholder farmers choose biosecurity management strategies remains poorly understood, particularly of smallholder cultural minority groups. In this study, we explore how Vietnamese smallholder farmers in Australia assess their biosecurity risk management strategies and the factors that explain their choice of different strategies. To do so, we conducted a survey of 101 Vietnamese farmers in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. Based on the protection motivation theory, we assessed farmers’ perceived self-efficacy, response efficacy and response costs (all elements of their coping appraisal) using descriptive statistics, factor analysis and stepwise regression. Information sources related to biosecurity and farmers’ trust in public management explain how farmers assess their risk management strategies. Previous experience with biosecurity issues does not influence how farmers appraise their biosecurity risk coping capacity. Farmers use four types of biosecurity risk management strategies: chemical control, plant growth strategies, on-farm strategies and asset investment strategies. The first two are the most frequently used. We recommend tailoring relevant government policies to better support farmers’ adoption of risk management strategies based on their specific needs, more investment into biosecurity information dissemination and into trust building.
Publication date: 2019
Australian plant biosecurity surveillance systems by
Australia is an island nation and a primary producer of agricultural and horticultural products. There is a large diversity of plant biosecurity threats which could adversely impact on Australia's production and exports. Surveillance has traditionally been used to monitor pests and optimise production. Increasingly surveillance is being used for early detection of exotic incursions, demonstration of eradication of incursions and pest freedom from exotic or endemic pests. These newer uses of surveillance utilise general and specific surveillance: surveillance data is maintained in electronic databases. Specific surveillance is a targeted surveillance search used by industry or state regulators for a specific pest to support pest freedom or other trade standards. The plant biosecurity surveillance cycle shows the flow of surveillance operations. In this paper, this cycle is demonstrated by case studies including pre border and the northern Australian at-border surveillance for the Australian-Asian interface. Within Australia, the multiple plant pest surveillance program was established in most capital cities where there are high flows of population and produce. As an industry example, the cotton industry surveillance program, particularly for cotton leaf curl, demonstrates how plant biosecurity surveillance operates within an industry. Asiatic citrus canker is another example of industry pertinent surveillance. Finally, surveillance for the purpose of declaring pest freedom areas is reviewed using fruit flies and currant lettuce aphid as examples. •Australia maintains a strong plant surveillance system.•Active and passive surveillance is used.•Surveillance is used to support international market access.•Case studies demonstrate Australian surveillance practice.•Australian surveillance is used for pest management and incursion response.
Publication date: 2017
Plant health and food security, linking science, economics, policy and industry by
Protecting plant resources from harmful organisms that can spread internationally is a major challenge for plant protection organisations. Natural scientists and economists have methods that contribute to informing and supporting government decision makers in plant health authorities, who also need to account for stakeholders’ views when developing policy and regulations to mitigate plant pest risks.
Publication date: 2016
- CSIRO
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation is an Australian Government agency responsible for scientific research. - Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Australian Government information about agriculture, fisheries, forestry, biosecurity and trade. - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The UN International Plant Protection Convention aims to secure coordinated, effective action to prevent and to control the introduction and spread of pests of plants and plant products.
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