General rules

See 1.1.6 - 1.1.7

• A pinpoint is a reference to a specific part of a source, such as a page or paragraph number, or section of an Act
• When referring to a source as a whole, or in general, but not a specific part, you do not need to include a pinpoint
• When pinpointing a page, just put in the number. Do not put in 'page', 'pg' or 'p'
• When pinpointing a paragraph, enclose the number in [square brackets]. With the exception of paragraph designations in Legislation, See 3.1.4
• Separate spans of pinpoints by a non-spaced en-dash (–)
• Where a span of pages is referred to, only the minimum number of digits necessary should be included in the second number (eg 87–8, 436–62), See 1.10.1

Refer to the relevant rules in the AGLC for pinpoint examples of different sources.

See 1.5

• Quotations may be used in the body of the text or the footnotes
• Short quotations (three lines or less) should be incorporated into the text using single quotation marks
• Long quotations (more than three lines) should appear indented from the left margin, in a smaller font size, without quotation marks
• Legislative and treaty extracts may be quoted as a long quotation, no matter the length
• To indicate a quote within a quote, use double quotation marks in a short quotation and single quotation marks for a long quotation
• If editing a quotation, See 1.5.4
  • Use an ellipsis (...) to indicate omissions from a quotation, See 1.5.3
  • Use square brackets to indicate alterations and insertions to a quotation, See 1.6.5
• No special punctuation is needed to introduce quotations, See 1.5.2
• Closing punctuation, See 1.5.6
  • In a short quotation, place closing punctuation outside of the quotation marks unless the punctuation is important to the quotation, such as a question mark
  • Include closing punctuation in a long quotation. If a long quotation doesn't end in punctuation, finish the quote with an ellipsis

Examples

Dworkin argues that positivism's 'central notion of a single fundamental test for law forces us to miss the important roles of these standards that are not rules'.1 [short quote]

Dworkin says that

the fact that when lawyers reason or dispute about legal rights and obligations, particularly

in those hard cases when our problems with those concepts seem most acute, they make

use of standards that do not function as rules, but operate differently as principles, policies,

and other sorts of standards.2 [long quote]

Section 74 of the Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld) states:

Any person who fights in a prize fight, or subscribes to or promotes a prize fight, is guilty of a misdemeanour, and is liable to imprisonment for 1 year.3 [legislative extract]

Example of an edited quote

Original source:

These staged approaches provide us with structures for determining contested duty issues, but whether the stages in truth involve discrete criteria is a matter of dispute.

Edited Quote:

Todd states that '[t]hese staged approaches provide ... structures for determining contested duty issues'.4

See 1.4.4

• Short titles are a shortened form of the title of a source that you can use in subsequent references to that source
• When a title is mentioned in the text for the first time, you need to provide the full title, followed by the short title. Subsequent references to the title in the text can then use just the short title
• Place a short title in brackets and single quotation marks after the initial citation of a source both in text and in the footnote
• The short title should be italicised or non-italicised, according to the rule of the source you are citing. So cases, Acts and books would be italicised, whereas internet materials and Bills would not.

Examples

Implied freedom was examined in Brown v Tasmania ('Brown').1 

... mentioned that you should carefully read the question twice and underline or highlight what you identify as important terms.17 

-------------------------------------------------------

1  (2017) 261 CLR 328 ('Brown').

...

17  'How to Study: Tips and Tricks for Acing Law School', Survive Law (Blog Post, 27 February 2019) <https://www.survivelaw.com/single-post/2019/02/27/How-to-Study> ('How to Study').

See 1.4.3

• Use the term 'ibid' to refer to the source in the footnote directly above. For example, if footnote number 3 is to the same source as footnote number 2, you would write 'Ibid' in footnote 3 instead of using the 'subsequent references' rule. It does not matter if the footnotes are on different pages, as long as it is the next numbered footnote
• Do not use 'ibid' if there is more than one source in the above footnote. In these instances, use the 'subsequent references' rule
• Do not italicise 'ibid'
• Where the pinpoint in both footnotes are the same (or both contain no pinpoints), simply use ibid followed by a full stop
• Where a different pinpoint is used, use ibid followed by a space (no comma) and then the new pinpoint.
• Where there is a pinpoint in the footnote above but no pinpoint in the next footnote, use the 'subsequent references' rule

Examples

1  Brown v Tasmania (2017) 261 CLR 328 ('Brown').  [first citation to a case, including 'short title']

2  Ibid 328.  [citing the same case, pinpointing to the first page]

3  Ibid 340.  [citing the same case, new pinpoint]

4  Ibid.  [citing the same case, same pinpoint]

5  Brown (n 1).  [citing the same case, no pinpoint]